Anopheles darlingi (American malaria mosquito, Coari) Assembly and Gene Annotation

About Anopheles darlingi

Range

Anopheles darlingi is one of the most important vectors of malaria in the Neotropics (Mexico, Central and South America), with populations from southern Mexico to Argentina.

Habitat

An. darlingi is a riverine mosquito, generally confined to rural, lowland forested locations. Deforestation and other human driven environmental change can create habitats which are favourable, with An. darlingi reportedly found at higher densities in areas with limited forest cover than in those predominated by forest. The larval habitats of An. darlingi can be characterized as natural water bodies such as lagoons, lakes and particularly slow flowing streams or rivers with shaded, clear water associated with submersed vegetation such as bamboo roots from overhanging spiny bamboo. Larvae are encountered most frequently in patches of floating debris along river margins. There are examples of larvae being found in uncharacteristic locations, such as in slightly brackish water; in low numbers in turbid, polluted water (brick pits); and in abandoned gold mine dugouts in southern Venezuela, further suggesting a level of adaptability to areas altered by humans. Moreover, An. darlingi appears to be adapting to higher altitude habitats with specimens recently collected at altitudes above 800m in Venezuela, close to the Brazilian border (Roraima).

Resting and feeding preferences

An. darlingi tends to rest outdoors regardless of where it has taken its blood meal. Adults will bite throughout the night and the degree of endo- and exophagy of this species varies from one place to another as does its host preference. It has been suggested that the biting pattern of An. darlingi may represent an adaptation to human behaviour, for example, the all night activity of An. darlingi in the gold mining areas of southern Venezuela may be a response to the all night activity of the miners. Furthermore, a number of studies that report exophagy in this species may be linked to sites where indoor insecticide spraying is or has recently been used for vector control.

Vectorial capacity

An. darlingi is considered to be one of the most efficient malaria vectors in the Neotropical region.

Coari strain

Originally isolated from Brazil. The Coari strain of An. darling were collected from the shores of Lake Coari, close to the city of Coari in Amazonas State. This area has had a high malaria incidence reported over the past 15 year and entomological surveys suggest that transmission is almost exclusively via An. darling. Female mosquitoes were collected from the Santa Luzia Buiuçuzinho community approximately 20km from Coari. Gravid females were allowed to spawn and DNA extracted from 4th stage larvae.

Source: VectorBase

Picture credit (public domain): Wikimedia Commons 2011

AdarC3 assembly

This assembly was generated by the Laboratorio Nacional de Computacao Cientifica in Petropolis, Brazil from whole genome shotgun assembly of Roche 454 sequences using the Celera Assember. Changes from the previous assembly reflect additional 60 scaffolds which were submitted to GenBank not in the original submission to VectorBase.

AdarC3.9 gene set

Community annotation patch build for July 2019.

References

1. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Americas: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic prcis.
   Sinka ME, Rubio-Palis Y, Manguin S, Patil AP, Temperley WH, Gething PW, Van Boeckel T, Kabaria CW, Harbach RE, Hay SI. 2010. Parasit Vectors. 3:72.
2. The genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector.
   Marinotti O, Cerqueira GC, de Almeida LG, Ferro MI, Loreto EL, Zaha A, Teixeira SM, Wespiser AR, Almeida E Silva A, Schlindwein AD et al. 2013. Nucleic Acids Research. 41:7387-7400.